Human T-Lymphotrophic Virus Type-I: A Unique Association with Myelopathy in Sjögren’s Syndrome
نویسندگان
چکیده
Microbes play the most intricate and crucial role in the education of the immune system. Exposure to pathogens elicits specific immune response to clear the infection. After elimination of infectious pathogens, the immune cells undergo apoptosis during the contraction phase, and the remaining cells return to the quiescent memory phase [1]. During the primary and secondary responses, some of the immune cells fail to distinguish self and non-self. The failure to discriminate self and non-self entities triggers autoimmunity [2]. For decades, mounting evidence has supported the associations between infectious agents and autoimmune diseases. Two notable examples are rheumatic fever with Streptococcus pyogenes infection [3] and multiple sclerosis with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Influenza type A virus [4]. The renewed interest in linkage of infectious disease and autoimmunity has thrived with primary autoimmune diseases associated with secondary peripheral neuropathy such as Sjögren’s syndrome (SjS). SjS is an autoimmune disease which is generally categorized by sicca symptoms, the presence of (anti-SSA or anti-SSB) autoantibodies, and/or lymphocytic infiltration into the salivary gland [5,6]. There are a number of viruses which have been shown to associate with primary SjS [7-10]. However, lymphotrophic virus-1 (HTLV-1), which is a retrovirus originally identified as an etiological agent in T cell leukemia [11], is hypothesized to be correlated with the manifestation of myelopathy in some SjS patients and whose treatment efficacy has been variable [12].
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HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis with pseudohypoparathyroidism.
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Human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) is a retrovirus which is associated with adult T cells leukaemia (ATL) and HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) in a minority of HTLV-I-infected individuals. It is not clear why a minority of HTLV-I-infected individuals develop HAM/TSP and majority remains lifelong carriers. It seems that the interaction between the v...
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Polymorphism in the interleukin-10 promoter affects both provirus load and the risk of human t lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis
To investigate candidate genes that influence the risk of HTLV-I associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), we analyzed 6 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the interleukin-10 (IL-10) promoter region. METHODS: 280 cases of HAM/TSP patients and 255 HTLV-I seropositive asymptomatic carriers (HCs) from Kagoshima, Japan were studied. All subjects gave written informed conse...
متن کاملPolymorphism in the interleukin-10 promoter affects both provirus load and the risk of human t lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis
To investigate candidate genes that influence the risk of HTLV-I associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), we analyzed 6 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the interleukin-10 (IL-10) promoter region. METHODS: 280 cases of HAM/TSP patients and 255 HTLV-I seropositive asymptomatic carriers (HCs) from Kagoshima, Japan were studied. All subjects gave written informed conse...
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